Research & Source Materials

Documents, Studies, and Reports on the Jefferson-Hemings Paternity Question

Start Here (For Journalists and New Readers)

If you are new to the subject or writing about it, begin with these sources (all linked below):

  • The 1998 Nature DNA Study – The original genetic study linking a Jefferson-line male to Eston Hemings.

  • The 1999 Scientific Responses in Nature – Letters pointing out the study’s limitations.

  • The 1998 Nature DNA Study: What the Science Showed — and What It Did Not — A critical examination of the scientific limitations and historical context from the wider scientific, legal, and law enforcement communities.

  • The Scholars Commission Report (2011) – Independent review of the evidence.

  • Dr. Ken Wallenborn’s Minority Report (1999) – A dissent from within the Monticello Research Committee.

  • Jefferson Vindicated (2005) – A detailed examination of alternative Jefferson-line candidates.

All these listed materials and others are linked below are are publicly available or historically documented sources.


Scientific Studies & Official Reports

📄 1998 DNA Study: Jefferson father’s slave’s last child (Foster et al., Nature) (Download PDF) ➡ view critique of 1998 Study
The first genetic study to test the Jefferson paternal line against descendants of Eston Hemings. The study showed that a Jefferson-line male fathered Eston but did not distinguish among Jefferson males. DNA of Thomas Jefferson was not available, Randolph Jefferson and his sons were not included in the study.

📄 1999 Nature Scientific Correspondence: The Thomas Jefferson paternity case (Download PDF)
Scientific letters published shortly after the DNA study, noting that alternative Jefferson relatives were not ruled out and that the study had interpretive limits. Lead author Foster admits the original title was misleading, and that Randolph Jefferson males were also candidates for paternity.

Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation (Monticello):
📄
Report of the Research Committee on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings (2000) (Download PDF) ➡ also view Minority Report below
The Foundation’s official evaluation of the DNA findings and historical record.

Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation (Monticello):
📄
Minority Report (1999) (Download PDF)
A dissenting report written by Monticello Research Committee member Dr. Ken Wallenborn during the committee’s deliberations, raising concerns about standards of proof and the treatment of alternative candidates.


Books & In-Depth Analysis

📘 Jefferson Vindicated: Fallacies, Omission, and Contradictions in the Hemings Genealogical Search, by Cynthia H. Burton (2005)

Jefferson’s health, his activities, his younger brother, his nephews, his cousins, and inconclusive DNA are examined carefully. Abundant sources are studied more thoroughly to resolve ambiguities and to determine relevance and credibility. New and significant findings enter the debate. “There are many gaps in the historical record, so without objective scholarship comes the risk of fiction. Hence, history becomes an illusion.” This analysis addresses the record in the Jeffersonian tradition: "[E]rror of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it."

📘 The Jefferson-Hemings Myth (2001)

Includes chapters written by experts, including inside accounts from Herb Barger, the genealogist who assisted Dr. Eugene Foster and warned him about misinterpreting the data; Dr. Ken Wallenborn, who was on the Monticello Research Committee and wrote a Minority Report that was initially suppressed by Monticello management; David Murray, Ph.D. Director, Statistical Assessment Service analyzes Monticello’s problematic conception-window study; C. Michael Moffitt, Ph.D. provides a Monticello guide’s insider view; Eyler Robert Coates, Sr. provides a critical analysis of the Research Report on Monticello’s research report on the Jefferson-Hemings Controversy; and others.

📘 The Jefferson-Hemings Controversy:  Report of the Scholars Commission (2011)

A comprehensive analysis and detailed report of the paternity issue by 13 senior scholars from across the country to carefully examine all of the evidence for and against the allegations, including reviewing the 2000 Monticello Research Committee Report. The final views of the panel ranged from "serious skepticism" to a conviction that the allegation was "almost certainly false," pointing to Randolph Jefferson as the likely suspect for paternity.

📘 The Jefferson-Hemings Controversy:  Report of the Scholars Commission (2011)

A comprehensive analysis and detailed report of the paternity issue by 13 senior scholars from across the country to carefully examine all of the evidence for and against the allegations, including reviewing the 2000 Monticello Research Committee Report. The final views of the panel ranged from "serious skepticism" to a conviction that the allegation was "almost certainly false," pointing to Randolph Jefferson as the likely suspect for paternity.

  • Lance Banning
    Hallam Professor of History
    University of Kentucky

    Professor Banning held the John Adams Chair in American History at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands and served as Leverhulme Visiting Professor at the University of Edinburgh. Two of his award-winning books (The Jeffersonian Persuasion and Jefferson and Madison) were nominated for the Pulitzer Prize in History.

    James Ceaser
    Professor of Government and Foreign Affairs
    University of Virginia

    Professor Ceaser is the author of Reconstructing America and has taught at Harvard University, the University of Montesquieu, the University of Basel, and Marquette University.

    Robert H. Ferrell
    Distinguished Professor of History, Emeritus
    Indiana University

    Professor Ferrell was educated and has also taught at Yale University. He is the author or editor of more than forty books, and was described as “the dean of American presidential historians” by the Chicago Sun-Times.

    Charles R. Kesler
    Dengler-Dykema Distinguished Professor of Government
    Claremont McKenna College

    Professor Kesler is Director of the Henry Salvatori Center at Claremont McKenna College and former chairman of its Department of Government. He has written extensively on the American founding and American political thought, and is co-editor of a widely-used edition of The Federalist Papers. He is the editor of The Claremont Review of Books.

    Alf J. Mapp, Jr.
    Eminent Scholar, Emeritus and Louis I. Jaffe Professor of History, Emeritus
    Old Dominion University

    Professor Mapp is the author of Thomas Jefferson: A Strange Case of Mistaken Identity (a Book-of-the-Month Club featured selection), Thomas Jefferson: Passionate Pilgrim, and has authored or edited more than another dozen books. A reference source for Encyclopedia Britannica and World Book, his numerous awards include Commonwealth of Virginia Cultural Laureate and a medal from the Republic of France’s Comite Francais du Bicentenaire de l’Independence des Etats-Unis.

    Harvey C. Mansfield
    William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor of Government
    Harvard University

    Professor Mansfield has taught at Harvard for nearly four decades, chaired the Department of Government for several years, and is the author or editor of a dozen books, several of which address the era of the Founding Fathers. A former Guggenheim Fellow and National Endowment for the Humanities Fellow, he served as President of the New England Political Science Association and on the Council of the American Political Science Association.

    David N. Mayer
    Professor of Law and History
    Capital University

    Professor Mayer holds both a law degree and a Ph.D. in History, and is the author of The Constitutional Thought of Thomas Jefferson and numerous book chapters and articles concerning Thomas Jefferson. He earned his Ph.D. under the supervision of Professor Merrill Peterson.

    Forrest McDonald
    Distinguished Research Professor of History, Emeritus
    University of Alabama

    Professor McDonald has also taught at Brown University and was the James Pinckney Harrison Professor of History at the College of William & Mary. A former Guggenheim Fellow, he is the author of The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson and numerous other books, and his many awards and prizes include Thomas Jefferson Lecturer with the National Endowment for the Humanities.

    Paul A. Rahe
    Charles O. Lee and Louise K. Lee Professor in Western Heritage
    Hillsdale College

    Professor Rahe was educated at Yale and Oxford, where he was a Rhodes Scholar. He served as Chair of the University of Tulsa Department of History for several years, has also taught at Yale and Cornell, and is the author of the highly-acclaimed, three-volume set, Republics Ancient and Modern: Classical Republicanism and the American Revolution. He has received numerous academic prizes and held fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, the Center for the History of Freedom, and the Institute of Current World Affairs.

    Thomas Traut
    Professor of Biochemistry & Biophysics
    School of Medicine

    University of North Carolina

    Professor Traut is Director of Graduate Studies and a former Ford Foundation and National Institute of Health Fellow. He is the author or coauthor of more than seventy publications, and shares his interest in Jefferson with his playwright wife, Karyn, who researched the Jefferson-Hemings relationship for seven years in preparation for her play Saturday’s Children.

    Robert F. Turner (Chairman)
    Cofounder (1981), Center for National Security Law

    University of Virginia School of Law Professor Turner holds both professional and academic doctorates from the University of Virginia School of Law, and is a former Charles H. Stockton Professor of International Law at the U.S. Naval War College and a Distinguished Lecturer at West Point. He has taught both in Virginia’s Department of Government and Foreign Affairs and the Law School, and is the author or editor of more than a dozen books. A former president of the congressionally established U.S. Institute of Peace, he has had a strong professional interest in Jefferson for more than four decades.

    Walter E. Williams
    John M. Olin Distinguished Professor of Economics
    George Mason University

    Professor Williams is Chairman of the Department of Economics at George Mason University and the author of six books. He was a nationally syndicated columnist.

    Jean Yarbrough
    Gary M. Pendy Professor of Social Sciences
    Chair, Department of Government

    Bowdoin College

    Professor Yarbrough is a former National Endowment for the Humanities Bicentennial Felow. She has lectured at the International Center for Jefferson Studies, is a consultant to the Jefferson Papers project, and serves on the editorial board of both the Review of Politics and Polity. Her numerous publications include American Virtues: Thomas Jefferson on the Character of a Free People and “Race and the Moral Foundation of the American Republic: Another Look at the Declaration.”ription text goes here


Firsthand and Eyewitness Accounts

📘 The Private Life of Thomas Jefferson by Rev. Hamilton W. Pierson, Captain Edmund Bacon (1862)

Historically, one of the most compelling eye-witness accounts comes from Captain Edmund Bacon. Bacon was thoroughly familiar with all the people and activities on the Monticello mountaintop. As the only recorded eyewitness to Sally Hemings’ paramour, Bacon described how he saw not Thomas Jefferson but another man coming out of Sally Hemings’ cabin on many mornings: “[Jefferson] freed one girl some years before he died, and there was a great deal of talk about it. She was nearly as white as anybody and very beautiful. People said he freed her because she was his own daughter. She was not his daughter; she was _____’s daughter. I know that. I have seen him come out of her mother’s room many a morning when I went up to Monticello very early.”

📘 Memoirs of a Monticello Slave by Isaac Jefferson (1840s, published 1951)

A fascinating account by an enslaved man who grew up at Monticello and traveled to work for Jefferson when he was President in Washington, DC. Significant to the Jefferson-Hemings paternity question, Isaac Granger Jefferson described how Jefferson’s brother Randolph mixed freely with Monticello slaves: “Old Master’s brother, Mass Randall, was a mighty simple man: used to come out among black people, play the fiddle and dance half the night; hadn’t much more sense than Isaac.”


Website featured articles:

Why Randolph Jefferson Emerges as a Prime Candidate in the Jefferson–Hemings Paternity Question

Randolph Jefferson Historical Biography — Jefferson’s unknown younger brother

Peter Carr Historical Biography — Jefferson’s nephew that the family accused

Commentary from the Scientific Community — citations from 1998-2026


This page is regularly updated as new scientific, archival, or forensic findings emerge.